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Libya after the NATO invasion
There can be no quick fix for a Libya caught between a loose-cannon despot and an opportunistic Western intervention.
Mahmood Mamdani Last Modified: 09 Apr 2011 16:33
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The first two decades of Gaddafi's rule brought some benefits to Libyan society, but those soon became overshadowed by demagogic worship of the leader and tribalism [GALLO/GETTY]
The 2010 UN Human Development Index – which is a composite measure of health, education and income – ranked Libya 53rd in the world, and first in Africa.

What was a predominantly rural and backward country when the king was deposed 42 years ago is today a country with a modern economy and high literacy. This single fact embodies the gist of Gaddafi's claim to the historical legitimacy of his rule.

The popular debate on Libya is today divided: one side stresses solidarity with an oppressed people, the other is opposed to another Western war.

Soon after the Western coalition imposed a no-fly zone on Libya, the New York Times published an opinion piece by a Libyan professor of political science at a US east coast college. Ali Ahmida divided Gaddafi's rule into two periods, each representing one side of the argument today.

Impressions of a young Gaddafi

In its first two decades, he wrote, the revolution brought many benefits to ordinary Libyans: widespread literacy, free medical care, education, and improvements in living conditions. Women in particular benefited, becoming ministers, ambassadors, pilots, judges and doctors. The government got wide support from the lower and middle classes.

The down side was a demagogic regime that revelled in rituals of hero worship and cynically embraced violence. Faced with successive coup attempts, it staffed security forces with reliable relatives and allies from central and southern Libya, a move that gradually transformed a national government into a tribal administration.

My first impression of Gaddafi was formed by a revealing incident I read several decades ago in a memoir by Muhammad Haykal, Nasser's famed press secretary.

Haykal recounts a conversation between visiting Chinese premier Chou en Lai and Nasser during a state reception.

Pointing to a young man in uniform, Chou en Lai asked: Who is he? Why, replied Nasser, that is Col Gaddafi who just overthrew the monarchy in Libya, and added, why do you ask?

It is difficult to forget Chou en Lai's response: Well, he just came over and asked me how much it would cost to purchase an atom bomb! The anecdote sums up Gaddafi's well-known erratic nature.

No rest for the revolutionary

Gaddafi saw himself as an anti-imperialist fighter, which is how the Gaddafi brand was marketed on the African continent. In practise, however, the Gaddafi regime supported whoever was willing to pay homage to his leadership.

The beneficiaries of his largess added up to a motley list: from Uganda's National Resistance Army, of which Gaddafi was among the earliest financiers, to the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone, better known for its brutal savagery – chopping off noses, fingers and hands of supporters and opponents alike – to mercenary-type groups for which he was often the sole financier, such as the Arab Legion, an umbrella group under which sheltered several armed nomadic militias in Chad and Darfur.

Gaddafi came to see himself as the CEO of the 'liberation' camp in Africa. When Ugandans debated several years ago whether or not to amend the Constitution and remove the two-term limitation on the presidency, Gaddafi had no hesitation in intervening in the national debate. He pronounced: "Revolutionaries do not retire!"

Gaddafi's rapprochement with the West unfolded in 2003. In return for dismantling nuclear facilities and inviting a string of US, UK and Italian companies – Occidental Petroleum, BP and ENI – Gaddafi was welcomed back into the Western fold.

As the external face of the dictatorship shifted from an anti-imperialist to a pro-Western orientation, Gaddafi went so far as to join the American-led 'war on terror'.

But when the crunch came and his new patrons turned against him, Gaddafi was without nuclear weapons to fend off military reprisals or powerful friends to stand up for him in the Security Council.

Lessons from the periphery

It may be too late for Gaddafi to draw lessons from these developments, but not so for others.

One such lesson was offered by a North Korean foreign ministry official who accused the US of having removed nuclear arms capabilities from Libya through negotiations as a precursor to invasion.

The spokesperson told Pyongyang's official Korean Central News Agency that "the Libyan crisis is teaching the international community a grave lesson."

Claiming that it vindicated North Korea's military-first policy, the official went on to sum up the lesson: "The truth that one should have power to defend peace has been confirmed once again."

Uganda's Yoweri Museveni, one of America's closest allies in Africa, draws a similar lesson: "I am quite sure that many countries that are able will scale up their military research and in a few decades we may have a more armed world. This weapons science is not magic.?

The irony is that the invasion mounted to save civilian lives in Libya is likely to end up making the world more insecure.

But what about civilian lives in Libya itself? How effective will the NATO intervention be in saving these?

Premeditated intervention

To begin with, there is the case of the grand marshal of the NATO invasion, Sarkozy, who has over the past few months resembled a man looking for an opportunity to flex his military muscles, no matter the cause.

His first offer of "French security forces expertise" came in January and it was to help Tunisia's president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali keep rebellious civilians under control.

When nothing came of it, Sarkozy switched steps without the blink of an eye, offering that same expertise to save rebellious civilians in Benghazi at the head of the NATO invasion.

Given the haste with which the no-fly resolution was passed at the UN Security Council, one may ask: How much evidence, aside from Gaddafi's blood-curdling hyper-rhetoric, was there of an unfolding genocide or a 'crime against humanity' in Libya?

Perhaps the most telling comment during the UN debate on a no-fly zone came from India's deputy ambassador to the UN.

In a speech welcoming the appointment by the UN secretary-general of an envoy to Libya, Manjeev Singh Puri regretted that the envoy's work had been short-circuited by Resolution 1973:

We have not had the benefit of his report or even a report from the Secretariat or his assessment as yet. That would have given us an objective analysis of the situation on the ground… The Council has today adopted a resolution that authorises far-reaching measures under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, with relatively little credible information on the situation on the ground in Libya.

The intervention that followed has been about more than just policing Libyan skies to save civilians on the ground.

In an obviously coordinated move, the British went for the person of the Libyan leader with a cruise missile, the French targeted his army and the Americans blew the Libyan air force to smithereens.

Together the NATO allies have made sure that no matter its identity, the regime that follows its humanitarian mission in Libya will be without a credible means of national defence.

For the people of Libya, there can be no quick fix. Not only will the post-invasion Libyan state lack the means to defend its sovereignty externally, a post-invasion Libyan government will need to accommodate a highly fractured society through patient coalition-building, if Libyan society is not to disintegrate into an Afghan-style civil war.

That necessary work will have to be political, not military. For that work to begin, the first prerequisite is an end to the NATO invasion and a ceasefire.

Mahmood Mamdani is professor and director of Makerere Institute of Social Research at Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, and Herbert Lehman Professor of Government at Columbia University, New York. He is the author, most recently of Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, The Cold War and the Roots of Terror, and Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror.

The views expressed in this article are the author's own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera's editorial policy.

Source: Al Jazeera
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inter_est 17 hours ago
"In an obviously coordinated move, the British went for the person of the Libyan leader with a cruise missile, the French targeted his army and the Americans blew the Libyan air force to smithereens. Together the NATO allies have made sure that no matter its identity, the regime that follows its humanitarian mission in Libya will be without a credible means of national defence."

The Brits are ticked cause Col Q ousted, in a bloodless coup, the sock puppet king, from the Benghazi area, they put in place in the 1950's to facilitate plundering...

the French want a market to dispose of their now antiquated and dysfunctional army equipment to, no doubt in exchange for all the uranium concessions / nuke power contracts (AREVA),

the US want a place to dispose of their now antiquated and dysfunctional air force equipment to, no doubt in exchange for military equipment for all the oil and other resource contracts.....

what ever comes of this, the Libya that emerges will very quickly become a heavily indebted poor country, and a place to dispose of all kinds of toxic wastes from outsider countries, just like the rest of the countries in Africa.
stopbombing and 13 more liked this Like Reply

Henry 14 hours ago in reply to inter_est
Among the stupid comments i read here, this one deserves a special place
Alex Kief and 7 more liked this Like Reply

inter_est 13 hours ago in reply to Henry
can't help it if you do not understand the science or rather dynamics of politics.....

cause in these senses the roadmap of the interests of politics is perfectly transparent....
3 people liked this. Like

David Newman 12 hours ago in reply to inter_est
Like it or not, inter_est, it sounds like the UN gave NATO a mandate, at least for the time being. But NATO's Charter is its mandate--oh, the NATO Charter is an international treaty that the United States, France, and the UK are all signatory to. I'm not sure what that means in France or in the UK, but in the United States international treaties that the United States sign bind the United States to the terms of the treaty. You might want to read the second paragraph of Article VI of the US Constitution to see what authority the NATO Charter has to bind the actions of the United States. Reading the NATO Charter, and the UN Charter (another international treaty that the United States is signatory to), along with your quick study of the US Constitution, would probably do you some good. I've read all three recently.
Like Reply

inter_est 5 hours ago in reply to David Newman
If a person takes a bit of time to look beyond reading texts and correlates the law as written in 'treaties' with the practice of the US in relations to international law, one will very quickly see that the US neither respects nor abides by international law....
Aungsan and 4 more liked this Like

danilo delfini 14 hours ago
Gaddafi's ego has led to murder and mayhem in places as far away as Sierra Leone and Chad, and over the skies of Scotland, not to mention within his own country where he has led a particularly brutal regime. A few more facts:
1. Misters Mamandani and Lehman ought really to better understand the meaning of invasion: if there are innocent civilians being murdered by Gaddafi's mercenaries it's because NATO has NOT invaded, not because it has ...
2. Notwithstanding elements of "real-politic" behind its actions, if the West had just wanted oil they'd have helped Gaddafi stay in power (a much easier course of action - remember that he was giving them a lot of oil at a very good price), and would not have supported the "unknown rebels": hey, maybe it doesn't sound cool, but could it be that what the West really wants is a stable democracy on their doorstep rather than a raving and murderous lunatic ..?
3. Right now we should all be hoping that the "rebels" be given the means to remove Gaddafi and his sycophants from power and be given an opportunity to build a new and democratic Libya. Full stop. So let's stay focused and wish them well!
4. Then, if that should happen, let's all stay vigilant ... and do our best to raise awareness, and if necessary go there and help, to help keep it from becoming a "heavily indebted poor country, and a place to dispose of all kinds of toxic wates ...". We owe this to the young lads, and doctors, and architects, who are dying in the dessert fighting for that most intoxicating of ideas: freedom from oppression.
nikkkom and 10 more liked this Like Reply

inter_est 13 hours ago in reply to danilo delfini
yes, and part of the propaganda feeding the Col Q myth was that he sold yellowcake to terrorists.... but this was not true! .....

sure enough freedom fighters from many places were trained using money from Lybia and Col Q facilitated some of their activities..... including in Sierra Leone....

and people in some places were benefitting from cheap oil, which is not unlike Chavez, who even supplied cheap oil to the poor in the northeastern US....

as for a stable democracy being in Libya - ask the people in Iraq, Afghanistan, and many other places, about their experiences when a raving and mass murdering lunatic democracy came to their doorstep... and how about all of the countries where wars were being fought with weapons and mercenaries from outsider countries, as the so called stable democratic nations, the UNSC imposed unenforcable embargoes / sanctions, and stood by and watched people being murdered....

as for being vigilent to prevent this future, the people who live and are dying in Libya are no different than all those whose ancestors have fought against colonisation, keep fighting against occupation, and the hundreds of millions of innocent civilians who live in Africa and continue dying because of occupation by outsiders....
Aungsan and 3 more liked this Like Reply

nikkkom 8 hours ago in reply to inter_est
> the hundreds of millions of innocent civilians who live in Africa and continue dying because of occupation by outsiders...

Somebody got stuck in 1900?
3 people liked this. Like

inter_est 5 hours ago in reply to nikkkom
no, the hundreds of millions of dead are from the end of colonialism (1950s) or rather the beginning of occupancy via puppet / sychophant governments....
1 person liked this. Like

Henry 11 hours ago in reply to inter_est
more one of the silly comments of our chap....
2 people liked this. Like

inter_est 5 hours ago in reply to Henry
not my responsibility to educate the ignorant in politics...
1 person liked this. Like

Henry 1 hour ago in reply to inter_est
Dear inter

before trying to "educate" people with your illuminate comments, try first to learn international politics beyond your cliches and devious logics. The simple fact that you suggest that the Brits are attacking Libya for an (irrelevant for them) event occurred 42 years ago and, so, sudenly, decided to go to war now, shows really how little you understand of international politics (of anything actually). And the evil Americans (who by the way doesn't buy Libyan oil ) Maybe it's time to throw away that old high school history book you have been using to draw one of your brilliant conclusions. I won't waste my time with a moron like you anymore
Like

dz508 17 hours ago
Well written, this world is such a messy place. The Libyan people should better start talking sense and stop killing each other, and destroying their country. Gadaffi clearly enjoys great support, the media ignores this, a civil war with him is going to be bloody, besides, we're talking tribes, and clans. Don't let the west fool you. There were protest in other Arab countries and people were killed by their government but they didn't take up arms against the state and start killing each other, except in Libya. They were pushed by the West that wants to control it.
11 people liked this. Like Reply

VictorytothePeople 15 hours ago in reply to dz508
There are ongoing protests in several Arab countries without intervention. However, the West has a presence in some shape or form in many of these countries.

Libyan civilians managed to acquire weapons where civilians in other Arab countries have not managed to do this.This of course has some bearing on why there was intervention in Libya. I do not know this for a certainty, but I am guessing that for civilians to acquire weapons in any Arab country would not be an easy task.
3 people liked this. Like Reply

inter_est 12 hours ago in reply to VictorytothePeople
armed civilians are no longer civilians..... aka 'rebels'
4 people liked this. Like

Samy17 12 hours ago
..."What was a predominantly rural and backward country when the king was deposed 42 years ago is today a country with a modern economy and high literacy. This single fact embodies the gist of Gaddafi's claim to the historical legitimacy of his rule."...mmmm I don't know what to make of this one. So, Libya, which has in fact deteriorated to the lowest of the low under Gaddafi, is now presented as having seen a thriving success under Gaddafi. Amazing stuff. The fact of the matter, despite the day dreaming tone of this article, is that Libya was being slowly dismantled throughout Gaddafi's rule. Gaddafi has burnt libraries and books in the public squares of Libya. In the 70s and early 80s it was a crime punishable by law to possess un-approved books from outside Libya. Gaddafi has banned foreign languages in school curricula. Violins and other musical instruments were burnt in the streets. On 7th April every year until mid 80s, people were hanged in public squares, and the hanging was later braodcast on state TV. The monthly salery of a teacher in Libya is 160 Libyan Dinars per month, that is 90 dollars sir. A medical doctor will have 300 Libyan Dinars a month. Whilst Gaddafi and his sons are spending the countries wealth on Beyonce and Mariah Carry, and hiding the rest of the money in Swiss and Austrian bank accounts. In 1996, more than 1200 political prisoners were shot dead in Abu Slaim prison in Tripoli, their bodies missing to this day. The people of Libya live in abject poverty under gaddafi's gun, and we have Mr Mahmood Mamdani trying to embellish the ugly monster that has violated every notion of humanity and has the blood of many Libyans on his hands, by falsely claiming that Gaddafi made the country a better place. No Mr Mamdani, western powers have their own motives in intervening in Libya, and surely it isn't because they care about the lives of Libyans, but what chance do the Libyans have if no one comes to the rescue? Can't you see what is happening now in Misrata and Zentan, and what happened to Zawya and Benghazi in the early days of the uprising? Trying to present Libya as heaven under Gaddafi is a joke.

Alex Kief and 8 more liked this Like Reply

tinwatchman 15 hours ago
Doesn't an invasion by definition involve ground troops? Of which there have been... Oh, let's see... Carry the two... Exactly *none*?!
David Newman and 8 more liked this Like Reply

Carlos Sevilla 12 hours ago
"That necessary work will have to be political, not military. For that work to begin, the first prerequisite is an end to the NATO invasion and a ceasefire"

YOU MEAN NATO INTERVENTION in behalf of the Libyan people. The writer of this article is obviously lacking common sense. Cease fire, how many times Muammar Muhammad al-Gaddafi claimed an cease fire was already in effect meanwhile people in other towns were getting shelled. My impression is, you can't negotiate with an ignorant period!
nikkkom and 7 more liked this Like Reply

Mwana Muliuli 10 hours ago in reply to Carlos Sevilla
Carlos - You are the most ignorant on the face of the earth. A cease fire only holds if both sides respect it. Announcing a ceasefire and proceeding to fire in self-defense does not constitute breaking a cease fire. Wish you could return to the cave you came from and leave the civilized debate.
1 person liked this. Like Reply

Maria Cleuza Sousa 0 minutes ago in reply to Carlos Sevilla
Carlos Sevilla 10 hours ago
"That necessary work will have to be political, not military. For that work to begin, the first prerequisite is an end to the NATO invasion and a ceasefire"

YOU MEAN NATO INTERVENTION in behalf of the Libyan people.




NATO intervention on the behalf of 1.000 terrorist. The people of Libya DOES NOT support them and that's why they called for Western "help"

“In the Arena,” Jon Lee Anderson, staff writer for The New Yorker reporting from Benghazi, Libya, tells Eliot Spitzer that the number of opposition fighters on the front lines are fewer than anyone would think and that they are poorly armed and badly trained. Anderson says, “Effective number of fighting men, well under 1,000. Actual soldiers, who are now in the fight, possibly in the very low hundreds on the opposition side.”

The center of the armed uprising is Benghazi, longtime monarchist hotbed of tribal supporters and clients of the deposed King Idris and his family. Idris, until he was overthrown by the young firebrand Col. Gaddafi, had ruled Libya with an iron fist over a semi-feudal backwater and was popular with Washington, having given the US its largest air base (Wheeler) in the Mediterranean. Among the feuding leaders of the “transitional council” in Benghazi (who purport to lead but have few organized followers) one finds neo-liberal expats, who first promoted the Euro-US military invasion envisioning their ride to power on the back of Western missiles

The anti-Gaddafi force’s lack of any democratic credentials and mass support is evident in their reliance on foreign imperial armed forces to bring them to power and their subservience to imperial demands. Their abuse and persecution of immigrant workers from Asia, Turkey and especially sub-Sahara Africa, as well as black Libyan citizens, is well documented in the international press. Their brutal treatment of black Libyans, falsely accused of being Gaddafi’s “mercenaries” , includes torture, mutilation and horrific executions, does not auger well for the advent of a new democratic order, or even the revival of an economy, which has been dependent on immigrant labor, let alone a unified country with national institutions and a national economy.
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susanhusseinman 5 hours ago
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Libya after the NATO invasion - Opinion - Al Jazeera English http://t.co/fIBNX7y via @ajenglish
FELDart 6 hours ago
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RT @Majnoon9: RT @yorikirii: #Libya after the NATO invasion. http://bit.ly/e1RPoI NO QUICK FIX! // v @SilentoStar
stevpm 6 hours ago
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RT @yorikirii: #Libya after the NATO invasion. http://bit.ly/e1RPoI NO QUICK FIX! // v @SilentoStar
yorikirii 6 hours ago
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#Libya after the NATO invasion. http://bit.ly/e1RPoI NO QUICK FIX! // v @SilentoStar
MikaelEk 8 hours ago
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RT @Udadisi: "That necessary work will have to be political, not military"- @mm1124 on 'Libya after the NATO invasion': http://t.co/eMPsyPQ
tetoroa 8 hours ago
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RT @1D4TW: Another great article from Mahmood Mamdani "Libya after the NATO invasion" http://bit.ly/fBYseh unfortunately in AJE, spinner of rebel tales
1D4TW 8 hours ago
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Another great article from Mahmood Mamdani "Libya after the NATO invasion" http://bit.ly/fBYseh unfortunately in AJE, spinner of rebel tales
SilentoStar 8 hours ago
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"#Libya after the #NATO invasion" by Mahmood Mamdani http://bit.ly/fihVOo #Opinion
pol_phil 10 hours ago
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Libya after the NATO invasion - Opinion - Al Jazeera English http://t.co/UU3rOVD via @AddThis
Udadisi 10 hours ago
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"That necessary work will have to be political, not military"- @mm1124 on 'Libya after the NATO invasion': http://t.co/eMPsyPQ via @AddThis
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